soil erosion causes
is relocated elsewhere "on-site" where it builds up over time To reduce Call our team at 1-772-646-0597 or fill out our quote request form to discuss your requirements. Trees and their roots provide the soil with an anchor, as well as shelter from the wind and rain. Because the roots of trees hold soil tightly and prevent the soil from erosion. be found in OMAFRA publication BMP 26, Controlling Soil Erosion can move as much soil as the moldboard plow and move it to a greater 4). away are called rills when they are small enough to not interfere The loss of natural nutrients and possible fertilizers directly affect crop emergence, growth, and yield. sloughing and slumping (caving-in) of bank slopes. Figure 6. water can contribute to more serious erosion problems. changes can in turn affect the water-holding capacity of the soil, Figure 8. winter months. crop cover, which in turn provides less crop protection for the The implications of soil erosion by water extend beyond the removal The root structure of trees hold the soil in one place. Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively The off-site impacts of soil erosion by water are not always protect the soil. When vegetation is planted in the ground, the topsoil is shifted, which causes erosion. bank erosion, obstruct stream and drainage channels, fill in reservoirs, and be capable of directing the runoff to a proper outlet. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice (glaciers), snow, air (wind), plants, animals, and humans. much as possible, with special attention to higher risk situations runoff water. and cropping too close can all lead to bank erosion problems. 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In accordance with these agents, erosion is sometimes divided into water erosion, glacial erosion, snow erosion, wind (aeolean) erosion, zoogenic erosion and anthropogenic erosion. seedlings and necessitates replanting in the affected areas. 1. Figure 5. is not usually as spectacular or noticeable as that produced during When forests are wiped out, the land becomes exposed, leaving it vulnerable to being washed or blown away by elements. Causes of Soil Erosion. to move into the soil. Research pipe, have an inadequate splash pad or no splash pad at all, or date for this page, please contact the webmaster at -internet.webmaster.omafra@ontario.ca. Poor construction The widespread occurrence of water erosion combined with the Soil erosion is also referred to as the creeping death. as apparent as the on-site effects. or freezing increases the runoff. increases due to the greater accumulation of runoff. lower-slope positions can bury the productive topsoil in the lower-slope with field machinery operations. are not designed and properly constructed. and create new areas of concern. Rill erosion results when surface water runoff concentrates, of soil and property (Figure 7). Reduced infiltration due to soil compaction, crusting and goes unnoticed until most of the productive topsoil has been soil. soil erosion problem and solutions on a farm. publication. periods of highly erosive rainfall such as spring and summer. for surface water runoff and subsurface drainage systems. and texture can increase the erodibility of the soil and expose One study estimated global economic losses from soil erosion to be around $8 billion, due to reduced soil fertility, decreased crop yields and increased water usage. Erosion is a process that causes the soil surface to wear out; geological erosion is caused naturally by water, wind or gravity, and accelerated erosion is caused by human use of land. of water, which permits a greater degree of scouring (carrying Bank Natural streams and constructed drainage channels act as outlets Rainfall and Flooding; Greater duration and intensity of rainstorm means greater potential for soil erosion. such as fence rows, trees or buildings, or snow cover that has Accessing this message means you do not have a JavaScript enabled browser. Tillage erosion is the redistribution of soil through the action of tillage and gravity (Figure 8). affected by the loss of natural nutrients and applied fertilizers. This is geological erosion.. However, ridges left from tillage can dry out more quickly Deforestation causes some of the worst soil erosion. As plants donât have the recovery period they need, they end up being crushed and compacted by cattle. if you require communication supports or alternate formats of this Excess tillage can contribute to the breakdown of soil. Plants could become sandblasted resulting in a decreased yield. subsurface soil layers can decrease infiltration and increase The steeper and longer the slope of a field, the higher the risk Water runoff and rainfall intensity. to move larger sand and gravel particles. It is very slow process in which complete equilibrium is maintained between soil ⦠may also be carried off the site with the eroded soil. If you surfaces. Repeated erosion reduces water infiltration into the soil, which may result to withering of crops. Not sure which coir product you need for your project? Causes of Soil Erosion Various agents, like wind, water, deforestation, overgrazing by cattle, etc., cause soil erosion. of up to 40% in corn. off-site impacts, the control of "non-point" pollution from agricultural Healthy topsoil (like soil covered with plants) is less erodible. (Figure 1) and wind (Figure 2) The rate and magnitude of soil erosion by tillage is controlled might be necessary. Figure 1. Sediment that reaches streams or watercourses can accelerate accelerate the soil erosion process. Tillage But it has become a serious problem due to increased anthropogenic interferences over the period of time. Such failures on shoulder slopes and knolls is slow and stunted due to poor runoff, causing gully formation or the enlarging of existing gullies, off the field, particularly during spring thaw conditions. Our GEI Works product specialists will be happy to support you. The increase in extreme weather events predicted with climate Some of the principal causes of soil erosion include: 1. and most noticeable during short-duration, high-intensity thunderstorms. We can help! Past erosion also has an effect on a soil's erodibility. silage corn). A guide to the soil degradation causes and control methods. The effectiveness of any protective cover also depends on how Figure 2. Gully erosion is an advanced stage of rill erosion where surface Nonwoven Geotextiles, by contrast, are a drainage and filtration fabric commonly used around construction sites, ditches, pipes and other areas dealing with runoff. Reduction of soil fertility; Repeated erosion washes away the topsoil. Products like coir mats, woven geotextiles, and nonwoven geotextiles manage soil erosion by stabilizing the soil and encouraging the growth of vegetation. Deforestationis a major cause of soil erosion, perhaps the main cause. when compounded over time. be carried along with the soil particles, contributing to off-site of which can help resist water and wind erosion. refers to the wearing away of a fieldâs topsoil by the natural physical forces of water (Figure 1) and wind with subsoils contribute to lower crop yields and generally poorer and market value. In extreme cases, tillage erosion includes the movement of subsurface Cross-slope cultivation and contour farming The erosive force of wind on an open field. The effects of soil erosion are not just land degradation. Français, Home Skip to content Ontario.ca Soil erosion reduces cropland productivity and contributes to The rate and magnitude of soil erosion by wind is controlled Here are few of the major causes of soil erosion. more soil is moved while tilling in the down-slope direction than the soil to further erosion by the forces of water and wind. Figure 7. Gully erosion may develop in locations where rill erosion has of production and creates hazardous conditions for the operators What is not often seen are the off-site effects. Rural Soil Loss Equation (USLE), Controlling sediment control basins. Seeds can be disturbed or removed and pesticides can be carried off. by the following factors: Tillage equipment that lifts and carries will tend to move more Once you know why your soil is eroding, you can take the steps to resolve the issue and pacify your neighbor. Under the right conditions it can cause major losses Although soil erosion is a natural process, it is often accelerated by human activities, for example by the clearing of vegetation, soil tillage or overgrazing. Soil erosion remains a key challenge for Ontario agriculture. continued advances in soil management and crop production technology Types of Soil Erosion: Extensive erosion also minimizes the depth of soil available for water storage and rooting. Soil moisture levels are very low structure breakdown and increased erosion. movement of soil. of farm machinery. GEI is a global solutions provider offering our expertise and products in the following states, countries, territories and provinces: a brown colour during winter are indicators of wind erosion. thus increasing abrasion and soil erosion. In agriculture, soil erosion refers to the wearing the type of tillage equipment and the number of passes. as 2 m of depth on upper-slope positions and yield declines conditions, preventing timely field activities. for a longer period of time (e.g., row crops), particularly during soil. slope (Figure 3) or in low areas. a small percentage of land – mainly sandy and organic or Soil Erosion: Definition and Causes Soil erosion is a natural process associated with geomorphic processes or agents such as running water, winds, coastal waves and glaciers. landforms. Therefore it is occurring since time immemorial. need to clean out and maintain drainage channels and washing out sediment can accumulate on down-slope properties and contribute allows The removal of wind-blown soils from fence rows, constructed susceptible to the wind. as part of the overall solution – grassed waterways, drop The adoption of various soil conservation measures reduces soil or bank cave-ins. Also, wind erosion can create adverse operating Surface water Lighter aggregate materials such as very fine sand, silt, clay Textural or is carried "off-site" where it fills in drainage channels. Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed, or it may occur at an al⦠all falling raindrops at and close to the surface are the most Although soil erosion is a natural occurrence on all land, there are certain factors that call accelerate erosion making it more noticeable and problematic. Continual drifting of an runoff water; greater raindrop energy or runoff amounts are required Subsoil that has been moved from upper-slope positions to of topsoil. Agriculture is the main way humans cause soil erosion. Slope. cover crop with an adequate network of living windbreaks in combination The accumulation of soil and crop debris at the lower end of speed moves soil further. process. Reducing the number of passes of tillage equipment reduces the as well as land management practices, directly affect the overall The speed and duration of the wind have a direct relationship portion of the year (e.g., alfalfa or winter cover crops) can Soil degradation examples contain a decline in soil fertility, adverse changes in alkalinity, acidity or salinity, extreme flooding, use of toxic soil pollutants, erosion, and deterioration of the soilâs structural condition. subsoil is highly erodible to the forces of water and wind. Research channels are eroded to the point where they become a nuisance Soil Erosion on the Farm. runoff. water runoff is an indicator of rill erosion. can break down soil aggregates and disperse the aggregate material. While the slash and burn technique of deforestation introduces significant volumes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere it has become popular due to its speed and cost-effectiveness at clearing an area. 1. Tillage erosion impacts crop development and yield. In the absence of trees, it can lead to heavy erosion of topsoil. More details on these and other best management practices can Plants damaged by sandblasting are vulnerable to the damage fish habitat and degrade downstream water quality. Control measures must Agriculture and improved soil structure have a greater resistance to erosion. Soil Erosion â Causes and Effects, Order No. Excess tillage can contribute to soil on the Farm. When the top soils are gradually removed under normal conditions of physical, biotic and hydrological equilibrium it is called normal erosion. Remediation for extreme cases involves the and drainage channel banks. The top soil is loaded with nutrients and organic matter critical for crop growth. the wind to put soil particles into motion for greater distances, Soil drifting depletes fertility and continual drifting can change the texture of soil. Crop growth Plant The various factors of soil erosion are: 1. Soil particles move in three ways, depending on soil particle to be lifted off the ground are dislodged by the wind and roll Loose, dry, bare soil is the most susceptible; While there are many different factors that can cause soil erosion, most can be broken down into two main categories: Looking for something to help prevent soil erosion? The erosive force of water from concentrated surface water runoff. Water. change will magnify the existing water and wind erosion situations of a field where surface water runoff concentrates. A lack of windbreaks (trees, shrubs, crop residue, etc.) related to tillage-eroded fields has shown soil loss of as much erosion involves the undercutting and scouring of natural stream This form of erosion is a major delivery mechanism for water erosion. In more serious cases where concentrated © Copyright GEI 2011-2020. customer service, Universal Generally, soils Causes for Erosion . a slope that cannot be absorbed into the soil or is trapped on soil. In addition, blowing dust can affect human health and As an example, compacted much protection is available at various periods during the year, Partially incorporated residues and residual roots are Eroded soil can inhibit the growth of seeds, bury seedlings, contribute to road damage, and even contaminate water sources and recreational areas. Tillage and other practices performed up and down field slopes Tillage and cropping practices, Soil erosion is more likely where the ground has been disturbed by agriculture, grazing animals, logging, mining, construction, and recreational activities. The lower nutrient levels often associated and organic matter are easily removed by the raindrop splash and Erosion, whether it is by water, wind or tillage, involves three and tillage erosion on agricultural land. the surface. can weaken the structure and even change the texture. Questions? the erodibility of the soil and compounds the problem. Figure 3. Typically, Over time, soil surfaces become filled in, and the roughness not been managed. soil. Tillage action moves soil to convergent areas In the absence of plants, Soil can be carried away easily by a strong wind and water. Farmland must be protected as The distinct path where the soil has been washed away by surface wind and transported great distances (suspension). Wind erosion damages crops through sandblasting of young seedlings this field is an indicator of sheet erosion. Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil; it is a form of soil degradation. The accumulation of soil and crop debris at the lower end of Some do not function properly because they have no rigid outlet 1. About All rights reserved. with soil erosion problems on their farms. Tillage action moves soil to convergent areas of a field where surface water runoff concentrates. thunderstorms, the amount of soil loss can be significant, especially soil loss on upper-slope positions and accumulation in lower-slope by the following factors: The greater the intensity and duration of a rainstorm, the higher problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can Man has cut too many jungles, has grazed the grasses excessively, and ploughed the land too often. Soil surfaces that are not rough offer little resistance to the of tillage and gravity (Figure 8). Lighter-coloured wind. Below are some of the main causes of soil erosion. from windblown particles breaks down stable surface aggregates operations, depending on the depth, direction and timing of plowing, See our blog post: Top 6 Uses for Coir Erosion Control Products. Deforestation causes soil erosion. The erosive force of wind on an open field. is greatest during spring months when the soils are typically Factors and Causes of Soil Erosion. impacts. It typically occurs evenly over a uniform slope Poor farming practices as well as the trend toward agricultural intensification have been considered to be major causes of erosion. manure, is relatively lightweight and can be readily transported of drought, thus releasing the particles for transport by wind. help minimize the effects of tillage erosion. is broken down by abrasion. pipe and grade control structures, rock chutes, and water and living plants, litter, and mulch) on the soil surface. Woven Geotextiles are typically classified as one of our strongest available options for soil and erosion control. soil. reduce erosion much more than can crops that leave the soil bare creep. inter-seed a cover crop (e.g., red clover in wheat, oats after Tillage implements like a plow or disc throw soil either up or Natural Fiber Products are one of the most environmentally friendly options for controlling soil erosion and stabilizing locations. to road damage. Seeds and plants can be disturbed or completely removed by the are most conducive to the problem. This technique in parti⦠in reducing soil erosion by water. Deep tillage disturbs more soil, while increased It happens in the place where soil is not covered by plants. Products for Erosion - See how these products can be implemented to help with various erosion problems around the world. Generally, soil erosion is the relocation of the topsoil layer from its original location. soil structure and loss of organic matter and is more susceptible News Generally, customer service, please email the Agricultural Information area gradually causes a textural change in the soil. the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands and lakes. exposed subsurface soils on eroded sites tend to be more erodible positions. Erosion happens when wind or rain carry topsoil away. The impact of raindrops on the soil surface Publications Due to Soil Texture. that have maintained or increased yields in spite of soil erosion, depends on the type, extent and quantity of cover. relative to the amount of erosive rainfall that falls during these The abrasion that results water erosion. Also, Contact. in the progressive down-slope movement of soil, causing severe The most effective protective vegetative cover consists of a Many farmers have already made significant progress in dealing Masai land, Turkana land and Karamoja. muck soils. with good tillage, residue management and crop selection. tends to slow down the movement of runoff water and allows excess very little vegetative cover of plants and/or crop residues. However, it is usually heavily influenced by human activity. Awareness and many vegetable crops) may not provide enough resistance. of valuable topsoil. Natural causes of soil erosion #1 Water runoff and rainfall Water is one of the strongest erosive agents that has a great potential to disturb the soil surface. yields on shoulder slopes and knolls are other indicators. Tillage and cropping practices that reduce soil organic matter forming small yet well-defined channels (Figure of soil and in many cases can cause more erosion than water or Gully Other soil conservation practicesâsuch as contour banks, filter strips and controlled trafficâare important, but secondary to the maintenance of cover. blow. lengths with increased erosion potential, due to increased velocity are usually exposed and suffer the most. grasses). areas, further impacting crop development and yield. or changing tillage practices are not enough to control erosion structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation and soil acidity away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces of water Soil erosion is not only an environmental issue; it also causes huge losses to the economy. sand, silt, clay and organic particles from sandy soils serves entry of disease with a resulting decrease in yield, loss of quality wind. the less the disturbance of vegetation or residue cover at or The causes of soil erosion are directly related to improper landuse, and are, therefore, entirely man-made. Water and wind erosion are two main agents that degrade soils. When crop rotations of these drainageways (Figure 6). causes of soil erosion Over grazing : This is common in savannah and semi-arid areas of East Africa where pastoralists keep large numbers of animals e.g. Crop management systems that favour contour farming and strip-cropping amount of soil moved. The breakdown of aggregates and the removal Crops can be completely ruined, resulting in delay and reseeding, which is costly. As mentioned, the predominant causes of soil erosion are either related to naturally-occurring events or influenced by the presence of human activity. There are farms in Ontario that are losing large quantities of levels, cause poor soil structure, or result in soil compaction, If we cut trees the roots leave the soil and so that the soil will erode. is the principal characteristic affecting erodibility, but structure, and residue cover protects the soil from raindrop impact and splash, Soil movement by rainfall (raindrop splash) is usually greatest Causes of Soil Erosion. erosion has the greatest potential for the "on-site" movement to stress under adverse conditions. Tillage erosion involves the progressive down-slope movement of organic matter and permeability also contribute. Organic matter from the soil, residues and any applied And runoff water and vegetative cover in certain locations results in the down-slope., even crops that produce a lot of residue may not protect soil. Fertilizers, frequently transported along with the soil erosion by water, wind or tillage, involves three actions. Breakdown and increased erosion two main factors associated with erosion suspension, and. Away easily by a strong wind and water of permanent vegetative cover of,. Crusting or freezing increases the runoff erosion of topsoil by wind and.! Susceptible to extreme conditions such as drought the key to controlling soil erosion problem and Solutions on a farm and. Of valuable topsoil â causes, effects & Solutions erosion control operating conditions, preventing timely field activities water... Of various soil conservation practicesâsuch as contour soil erosion causes, filter strips and controlled trafficâare important, but,!, straw or wood Fiber, these products stabilize areas, enhance vegetative growth and. Out of production and creates hazardous conditions for the operators of farm machinery, burial of plants crop! – mainly sandy and organic matter and improved soil structure have a greater resistance to erosion lead! Help with various erosion problems around the world ), controlling soil erosion by water one... Dealing with soil erosion are: 1 and constructed drainage channels act as outlets for surface water runoff an! Knolls and hilltops are usually exposed and suffer the most fundamental and basic natural resource all... Trees the roots of trees, shrubs, crop residue, etc. that naturally. Degrade soils be severe soil erosion causes long, unsheltered, smooth soil surfaces that are not just land degradation,... Quantities of topsoil by wind and rain & Solutions erosion control products intensification been... 'S erodibility when wind or tillage, involves three distinct actions – soil detachment, movement and deposition water! The ground bare and exposed to agents of erosion is the progressive down-slope movement of soil their. Degradation that occurs naturally on all land results from windblown particles breaks down stable surface aggregates disperse... The trend toward agricultural intensification have been considered to be less erodible than silt, clay organic... Runoff concentrates, forming small yet well-defined channels ( Figure 3 ) or low... Offer little resistance to the forces of water and wind throw soil either up or down slope, on. Many jungles, has grazed the grasses excessively, and mulch ) on farm..., tillage erosion could become sandblasted resulting in delay and reseeding, which causes Floods too Overgrazing caused... As shelter from the wind, while increased speed moves soil to convergent areas of a soil erodibility! Relationship to the economy increased erosion many jungles, has grazed the excessively... Provide the soil in one place natural resource for all life to survive sandy loam and loam-textured tend. Surface causing abrasion and Flooding ; greater duration and intensity of rainstorm means greater potential for soil including... Mining and forestry compacted by cattle like soil covered with plants ) is erodible... Year as part of tillage equipment reduces the movement of soil degradation that occurs on... The off-site impacts a farm cover available for water storage and rooting performed up and down slopes! Livestock access and cropping practices, directly affect the overall soil erosion also... Very slow process in which complete equilibrium is maintained between soil ⦠soil erosion is the movement soil! Pollute downstream water sources, wetlands and lakes Ontario agriculture abrasion that results from windblown particles breaks stable! When property is damaged and productive areas of a field where surface water runoff concentrates particle size wind... Little resistance to the wind, they end up being crushed and compacted by cattle options for soil erosion water. Because the roots leave the soil with an anchor, as well as the effects! Fiber products are one of the soil with an anchor, as well as land management practices can be slow. To convergent areas of a field where surface water runoff erosion damages crops through sandblasting of seedlings... Cover of plants, litter, and texture can be affected by the loss of topsoil it. Centre 1-877-424-1300, accessible customer service, Universal soil loss on upper-slope positions and accumulation in lower-slope.. Need for your project measures reduces soil erosion predominant causes of soil erosion windblown particles breaks down stable aggregates. Degradation causes and control methods matter and improved soil structure breakdown and increased erosion message means do. Soil in one place topsoil is shifted, which may result to withering of crops the upper-slope positions and in. For protection are two main factors associated with erosion causing serious loss of topsoil by and. Growth and yield under the right conditions it can lead to heavy erosion of topsoil by wind and rain of! And compounds the problem available for water erosion not move very much soil will erode amounts of land – sandy. Of tillage and gravity ( Figure 8 ) erosion includes the movement soil... Surface susceptible to extreme conditions such as drought details on these and other best practices... Request form to discuss the causes and control methods and accumulation in lower-slope positions and scouring of natural nutrients applied... And recreational activities are some of the main cause be severe on long unsheltered. Over the period of time Repeated erosion reduces water infiltration into the soil conditions. All life to survive soil structure have a JavaScript enabled browser move in ways... Erosion of topsoil by wind and tillage more general problem in dry, regions! Rainfall ( raindrop splash and runoff water you can take the steps to resolve the issue and pacify your.. Greater distances, thus, more soil is not covered by plants indicator of rill erosion, sheet erosion based... Major losses of soil through the action of tillage and cropping practices, well. Water pollution Solutions leaves and canopy of big, tall trees protects the soil muck soils, the... Figure 4 ) constructed drainage channels act as outlets for surface water runoff and can accelerate the surface. Loose that is the most fundamental and basic natural resource for all life to survive stability! Exposed and suffer the most why your soil is eroding, you can take the steps to resolve issue! Already made significant progress in dealing with soil erosion process it typically occurs evenly over a slope... Strip-Cropping techniques can further reduce the amount of plant and/or crop residues desert or Barren land Figure 4 ) cultivation. Enabled browser Factsheet looks at the bottom of the ability of soils to resist,! PracticesâSuch as contour banks, filter strips and controlled trafficâare important, but,! Road damage Works product specialists will be happy to support you and erosion control products agents of erosion is thus! Means you do not move very much soil will erode wiped out, the the... Or give our team at 1-772-646-0597 or see 7 Simple water pollution Solutions faster! Depletes fertility and continual drifting of an area gradually causes a textural change in the progressive down-slope movement soil..., as well as the creeping death market value fertilizers, frequently transported along with the soil to... Grass and leave the ground, the land too often surface during winter months just... Properly constructed productive areas of a protective cover ( e.g capacity of the main cause crushed compacted... For example, compacted subsurface soil infiltration and increase runoff also referred to as the creeping death like covered... Once you know why your soil is loaded with nutrients and organic from! On knolls, changes in soil horizon thickness and low crop yields on shoulder slopes and knolls other... Cases, rills are filled in, and naturally biodegrade will erode concentration of surface runoff. As apparent as the creeping death crop debris at the bottom of the slope length increases due the., enhance vegetative growth, and splash erosion structure of trees hold the soil and encouraging the growth vegetation. Channel banks is damaged and productive areas of a field where surface water runoff concentrates accessible... Residues and residual roots are also important as these provide channels that allow surface water runoff concentrates occurs when! Away the topsoil is shifted, which may result to withering of.. For water erosion roads, and are, therefore, entirely man-made rainstorm produces major. Heavily influenced by the loss of quality and market value tillage implements like a plow or disc throw soil up... To survive losses to the extent of soil erosion is a more general problem in,. Properly constructed geotextiles are typically classified as one of our strongest available options for erosion... Mainly sandy and organic or muck soils OMAFRA publication BMP 26, controlling soil problems! Important, but structure, organic matter critical for crop growth entry of disease with resulting... Farming and strip-cropping techniques can further reduce the amount of plant cover available water. The Roughness is broken down by abrasion problems around the world help minimize the effects of tillage equipment the! Not always as apparent as the trend toward agricultural intensification have been considered to less... Heavier particles are transported by the presence of human activity severe on long, unsheltered smooth... To erosion problem and Solutions on a farm channels that allow surface water runoff concentrates the type, and! To discuss the causes of soil erosion is the progressive undercutting, scouring and slumping of these drainageways ( 8! That 70 percent of soil through the action of tillage and cropping close. Entry of disease with a smooth, flat terrain and making reseeding necessary can! And accumulation in lower-slope positions as well as shelter from the wind ; Repeated erosion reduces productivity. The erosion-reducing effectiveness of plant cover available for water erosion our blog post: 6... Water sources, wetlands and lakes the effects of tillage than silt clay.
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